Examining the Causal Effect of Social Development on Maternal Mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa Using Partial Least Squares (PLS) Structural Equation Modeling (SEM)
Frank Okwan,
Peter Kovacs
Issue:
Volume 12, Issue 2, April 2023
Pages:
23-33
Received:
4 August 2022
Accepted:
9 September 2022
Published:
26 July 2023
Abstract: The threat of a woman in a low-income economy dying due to pregnancy and childbirth-related complications during her lifetime is about 120 times higher than for a woman living in a high-income economy. Social factors are seen as important factors contributing to maternal mortality and the conceptual framework developed for the reduction of maternal mortality has found the need to include social factors in intervention for maternal mortality reduction. The objective of this study is to examine the effect of social development on maternal mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa by applying Sen’s development theory and the Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) technique. The result of the empirical analysis shows that social development has both direct and indirect effects on maternal mortality. The direct effect is greater than the indirect effect. The direct effect is the effect of social development on reproductive capability, and the indirect effect is the effect of social development on maternal mortality through reproductive capability and freedom. The result also reveals a direct and positive effect of economic and political development on social development. Social development has the greatest effect on maternal mortality, compared to all the other effects in the model. The result of the PLS-SEM analysis and the final model supports all the hypotheses for the study.
Abstract: The threat of a woman in a low-income economy dying due to pregnancy and childbirth-related complications during her lifetime is about 120 times higher than for a woman living in a high-income economy. Social factors are seen as important factors contributing to maternal mortality and the conceptual framework developed for the reduction of maternal...
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A Study of Some Generalizations of Local Homology
Issue:
Volume 12, Issue 2, April 2023
Pages:
34-39
Received:
4 July 2023
Accepted:
25 July 2023
Published:
28 July 2023
Abstract: Tate local cohomology and Gorenstein local cohomology theory, which are important generalizations of the classical local cohomology, has been investigated. It has been found that they have such vanishing properties and long exact sequences. However, for local homology, what about the duality? In this paper we are concerned with Tate local homology and Gorenstein local homology. In the first part of the paper we generalize local homology as Tate local homology, and study such vanishing properties, artinianness and some exact sequence of Tate local homology modules. We find that for an artianian R-module M and a finitely generated R-module N with finite Gorenstein projective dimension, the Tate local homology module of M and N with respect to an ideal I is also an artinian module. In the second part of the paper we consider Gorenstein local homology modules as Gorenstein version. We discuss vanishing properties and some exact sequences of Gorenstein local homology modules and obtain an exact sequence connecting Gorenstein, Tate and generalized local homology. Finally, as an applicaton of the exact sequence connecting these local homology modules, we find that for finitely generated R-modules with finite projective dimension and admitting Gorenstein projective proper resolution respectively, Gorenstein local homology coincides with generalized local homology in certain cases.
Abstract: Tate local cohomology and Gorenstein local cohomology theory, which are important generalizations of the classical local cohomology, has been investigated. It has been found that they have such vanishing properties and long exact sequences. However, for local homology, what about the duality? In this paper we are concerned with Tate local homology ...
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